Potential of Wine and Pumped Storage for Energy Security

Potential of Wine and Pumped Storage for Energy Security Introduction Energy security is making sure there is enough electrical supply for demand based on a price which is not too volatile. In order to make certain of the energy security for the future governments around the world are introducing new plans to reform their current strategies. In the UK it has an Electricity Market Reform which is said to attract 100 billion GBP. (DECC, 2016a) Increasing energy efficiencies, maintaining reliable networks, and increasing connectedness of nearby countries will all lead the way to making sure we are sufficient for the future. Commitments from governmental commitments further strengthen this resolve for example the EU renewable energy directive of 15% energy consumption of 20% by 2020. Wind Energy This form of renewable energy uses the flow of air from the wind to rotate a turbine which generates electricity. The equation to calculate the power through a square metre is given below which in turns shows that the power is proportional to the velocity of the wind and as shown by Coley (2008) as you increase in height above land the faster the wind speed is which is why wind turbines are increasing in size: From DUKES (2016), it states a total electrical generation from Wind in 2015 for the UK was 83550 GWh as which Wind contributed to 18965 GWh (18.965 TWh). The total wind generation has increased by 26% from 2014 to 2015. DECC (2013) are predicting an annual growth rate of 13% for onshore wind over the next decade with 11 GW capacity currently under or awaiting construction and in planning phase. For offshore up to 18 GW could be available by 2020. Figure 1: UK coverage of wind turbines (RenewableMap, 2016) Wind can be predicted with a margin of error but is difficult to store so other technologies are needed to compensate it. Pumped storage hydroelectricity (PSH) This renewable source stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water with two reservoirs. During high demand water from the top reservoir is released and goes through a turbine which generates electricity. The top reservoir is recharged during times of low demand. It can be used to reduce the amount of start-ups and shutdowns and maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. Pumped Storage hydro is the most flexible source of power generation available, it can meet demand within minutes. The main countries with the highest pumped storage capacity are Europe, Japan, and the US. The total pumped hydro capacity worldwide was 136 GW in 2010 compared to 98 GW in 2005. The installed small hydro was 61 GW in 2010. (IRENA, 2012) According to Owens (2013), there are around 50 pumped storage hydro plants that have a capacity of ~1GW. The worlds largest is Bath County Pumped Storage Station which has a capacity of 2.7 GW. Unlike a dam a PSH has little damage to an ecosystem in comparison. The flooded area would be best suited in a low organic content area. Figure 2: Example picture of PSH According to DUKES (2016), the total electrical generation from hydro in 2015 for the UK was 6.3 TWh. 7.5% of the renewable generation was from large scale hydro. Figure 3: UK coverage of hydro projects (RenewableMap, 2016) PSH is one of the few large scale renewable sources which gives an affordable means for storing while generating low cost electricity carbon-free. It has the ability to generate electricity based on demand instantaneously. 23 GW of PSH capacity is undergoing construction with 8.3 GW announced for the future in the UK. (Scottish Renewables ,2016) In the US there are currently 40 PHS plants in operations totalling a capacity of 22 GW which accounts for 95% of all the energy storage in the country. 50 more PSH projects have been proposed which could increase the total capacity by 40 GW. (U.S Department of Energy, 2015) Global Energy Storage Different storage systems have been used in other countries like pumped hydro energy storage (PHES), thermal, battery, and hydrogen storage. Pumped storage has been found to be the leader due to its high capacity, flexibility, and availability. (Al Zohbi, et al., 2015) Scottish Renewables (2016) shows that 97% of world storage capacity is from PSH. Figure 4: Installed global capacity of energy storage (Scottish Renewables, 2016) Wind and Pumped Storage Combination The are several other methods of which can be combined with wind energy (e.g. hydro, conventional thermal, gas). Pumped storage has the advantage of always having available power even during dry period. (Montero Pà ©rez, 2009) Figure 5: Hybrid wind and pumped storage plant (Anagnostopoulos Papantonis, 2007) Example 1 According to Ingram (2016), Germany are currently undergoing a pilot project for wind and pumped storage hydro. There will be four wind turbines installed and a 16 MW pumped storage unit on the Kocher river. This will give a fast response to the grid and reduce costs of electricity for the consumer. The 4 wind turbines will be commissioned by the end of 2017 and the PSH plant will be operational by 2018. Figure 6: Pilot project combining wind and pumped storage hydro in Gaildorf, Germany (Ingram, 2016) Example 2 A pumped storage system composed of 4 turbines and a 11MW wind farm has been built in one of the Canary Islands which will meet 80% of electrical demand. (Al Zohbi, et al., 2015) Figure 7: Pumped Storage Plant (Montero Pà ©rez, 2009) Example 3 The concept of a 10MW wind farm installed in the Faroe Islands combined with a pumped storage plant. The reservoirs will be connected at Miovatn (upper reservoir) and Vatnsnes (lower reservoir) which could give a capacity of 10MW. The cost of the storage plant is estimated to be 5.7 NOK/kWh. (Nordon Energy Research, 2013) Figure 8: Catchment area in the Faroe Islands. (Nordon Energy Research, 2013) IRENA (2015) shows an increase in both Wind and Pumped Hydro capacity by 2030 compared to 2013: Figure 9: Total installed renewable capacity between year 2013 and 2030. (IRENA, 2014) A disadvantage with PSH is it is very capital intensive with long development and construction times. The main contributors being the infrastructure of the hydro plant and second to this is the electro-mechanical equipment. According to IRENA (2012), the total installed cost ranges from $1000 $3500/kW. This may also increase by an additional $3500/kW due to the cost of connecting to existing transmission networks; this depends from location to location. Energy Interconnectedness An electrical system which can become more flexible could save the UK consumers billions per year. Flexibility can come from interconnection of other electrical systems, for example wind and pumped storage hydro (PSH). The European Commission has set a target of 10% electricity interconnection for 2020. They are building towards a more integrated, competitive and sustainable common energy market. They have put forward a European Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR) mainly because of the economic crisis and with this have identified interconnection projects across the EU and to date spent 650 million EUR. (EuropeanCommission, 2015) The UK currently has an interconnector capacity of 4GW with France, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland. (Ofgem, 2016) According to Becker (2015), there is a further 7.3 GW proposed interconnector capacity from for example Belgium, Denmark, and Norway. The German Advisory Council requires 42 GW transmission capacity between Norway and Germany by 2050 to make PSH able to balance renewable electrical generation in Germany. Germany has a goal of 80% renewable electricity by 2050. (Ingebretsen Johansen, 2014). Norway possesses ~50% of the reservoir capacity in Europe. Norway provides 98% of its electricity from hydroelectric plants. Stone (2015) says that Norway could be a potential Green Battery for the EU but is restricted due to political and social issues. However, it has been announced that a 1.4 MW 740 km link will join UK and Norway costing $1.64 billion which will be operational in 2021. The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Co-operation Organization (GEIDO) is a Chinese group with a goal of an Asian super grid by 2050. There are now agreements between energy companies in China, Russia, Japan, and South Korea. They have highlighted geopolitics as a main obstacle for grid interconnected stability and assumed that there will be access to the newly developing ultra-high voltage lines which operates at 1000kV AC and 800 kV DC over 1000kms. (New Atlas, 2016) Figure 10: Global Energy Interconnection (GEIDO, 2016) A disadvantage of interconnectedness between countries is shown in Andrews (2015). During the summer time our demand is assured however during winter time when electricity demand is at its highest there is a potential for other countries to take the supply leaving another without electricity (such as brownouts, blackouts, and overloads). Conclusions Wind and PSH will prove to be a necessity for providing energy security in the future. Wind is given an added benefit when combined with PSH of increased electricity usage by transferring energy at times of low demand. PSH is a mature and proven technology and gives the ability of supplying electric on demand within minutes. The future of energy security also relies on the interconnectedness of nearby countries; connecting to Norway is seen as the most beneficially for supply of renewable electricity in the EU. However, on a global scale the geopolitical and social aspects between countries could be deemed as problematic and will need to develop if interconnector capacity between countries is to prosper. Appendix Figure 11: European Wind Atlas, onshore (EWEA, 2009) Table 1: Technical wind energy potential in the EU (Dursun Alboyaci, 2010) Table 2: Worldwide hydroelectric storage potentials (Dursun Alboyaci, 2010) [1600 words] References   Ã‚   AL ZOHBI, G. et al. (2015) Wind-hydro pumped storage systems to meet Lebanese electricity demand. Revue des Energies Renouvelables. [Online] 18. (September). p.375-397. Available from: http://www.cder.dz/download/Art18-3_3.pdf [Accessed: 19th December 2016] ANAGNOSTOPOULOS, J. S. PAPANTONIS, D. E. (2007) Pumping station design for a pumped-storage wind-hydro power plant. Energy Conversion and Management. [Online] 48. (August). p.3009-3017. Available from: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0196890407002063/1-s2.0-S0196890407002063-main.pdf?_tid=9e097eee-c637-11e6-a2e7-00000aacb35facdnat=1482185465_9948b3b6017d5ca57015e6a48dc377ff [Accessed: 19th December 2016] ANDREWS, R. (2015) UK Electricity Interconnectors a Double-Edged Sword. [Online] Available from: http://euanmearns.com/uk-electricity-interconnectors-a-double-edged-sword/ [Accessed: 22nd December 2016] BECKER, S. (2015) The role of interconnectors in GB adequacy planning. [Online] Available from: https://www.iea.org/media/workshops/2015/esapworkshopvi/Becker.pdf [Accessed: 21st December 2016] COLEY, D. (2008) Energy and Climate Change: Creating a sustainable future. Chichester, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley Sons Ltd). DECC (2013) UK Renewable Energy Roadmap. [Online] Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/255182/UK_Renewable_Energy_Roadmap_-_5_November_-_FINAL_DOCUMENT_FOR_PUBLICATIO___.pdf [Accessed: 19th December 2016] DECC (2016a) 2010 to 2015 government policy: UK energy security. [Online] Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-uk-energy-security/2010-to-2015-government-policy-uk-energy-security [Accessed: 22nd December 2016] DUKES (2016b) Chapter 6: Renewable Sources of Energy. [Online] Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/547977/Chapter_6_web.pdf [Accessed: 21st December 2016] DURSUN, B. ALBOYACI, B. (2010) The contribution of wind-hydro pumped storage systems in meeting Turkeys electric energy demand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. [Online] 14. (March). p.1979-1988. Available from: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032110000924/1-s2.0-S1364032110000924-main.pdf?_tid=5ec049be-c639-11e6-aed4-00000aab0f27acdnat=1482186218_81556fe3a59c4150108d199e7b2bc998 [Accessed: 19th December 2016] EUROPEANCOMMISSION (2015) Energy Union Package: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. [Online] Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:a5bfdc21-bdd7-11e4-bbe1-01aa75ed71a1.0003.01/DOC_1format=PDF [Accessed: 21st December 2016] EWEA (2009) Wind Energy The Facts: A guide to the technology, economics and future of wind power. London, UK: Earthscan. GEIDO (2016) Home: Global Energy Interconnection. [Online] Available from: http://www.geidco.org/html/qqnycoen/index.html [Accessed: 22nd December 2016] INGEBRETSEN E. JOHANSEN, T. H. G. (2014) The Profitability of Pumped Hydro Storage in Norway. Master of Science in Energy, Natural Resources and the Environment. Bergen: Norwegian School of Economics INGRAM, E. (2016) Pilot Project Combining Wind and Pumped Storage Hydro Under Construction in Germany. [Online] Available from: http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2016/10/pilot-project-combining-wind-and-pumped-storage-hydro-under-construction-in-germany.html [Accessed: 19th December 2016] IRENA (2012) Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series. [Online] Available from: http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/re_technologies_cost_analysis-hydropower.pdf [Accessed: 22nd December 2016] IRENA (2015) Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2014. [Online] Available from: https://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA_RE_Power_Costs_2014_report.pdf [Accessed: 22nd December 2016] MONTERO, F. P. PÉREZ, J. (2009) Wind-Hydro Integration: Pumped Storage to Support Wind. [Online] Available from: http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/print/volume-17/issue-3/Articles/wind-hydro-integration-pumped-storage-to-support-wind.html [Accessed: 19th December 2016] NEW ATLAS (2016) Super Grid the first step towards a global, interconnected, renewable energy grid. [Online] Available from: http://www.hotandbotheredinthekoots.org/single-post/2016/11/15/%E2%80%9CSuper-Grid%E2%80%9D-the-first-step-towards-a-global-interconnected-renewable-energy-grid [Accessed: 22nd December 2016] NORDON ENERGY RESEARCH (2013) Wind power based pumped storage. [Online] Available from: http://www.nordicenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Wind-Power-Based-Pumped-Storage_Pre-Feasibility-Study_Suduroy-Faroe-Islands_2013.pdf [Accessed: 22nd December 2016] OFGEM (2016) Electricity Interconnectors. [Online] Available from: https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/electricity/transmission-networks/electricity-interconnectors [Accessed: 21st December 2016] OWENS, M. (2013) Is pumped storage hydro power the answer to storing wind and solar? [Online] Available from: http://www.fairfaxclimatewatch.com/blog/2013/07/is-pumped-storage-hydro-power-the-answer-to-storing-wind-and-solar.html [Accessed: 22nd December 2016] RENEWABLEMAP (2016) Interactive Map of Renewable and Alternative Energy Projects in the UK. [Online] Available from: http://www.renewables-map.co.uk/renewable%20energy.asp?Status=1 [Accessed: 21st December 2016] Scottish Renewables (2016) The Benefits of Pumped Storage Hydro to the UK. [Online] Available from: http://scottishrenewables.com/publications/benefits-pumped-storage-hydro-uk/ [Accessed: 19th December 2016] STONE, M. (2015) Norway Could Provide 20,000MW of Energy Storage to Europe. [Online] Available from: https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Norway-Could-Provide-20000-MW-of-Energy-Storage-to-Europe [Accessed: 22nd December 2016] U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (2015) Pumped Storage and Potential Hydropower from Conduits. [Online] Available from: https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/06/f22/pumped-storage-potential-hydropower-from-conduits-final.pdf [Accessed: 22nd December 2016] VARKANI, A. K., DARAEEPOUR, A. MONSEF, H. (2011) A new self-scheduling strategy for integrated operation of wind and pumped-storage power plants in power markets. Applied Energy. [Online] 88. (July). p.5002-5012. Available from: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0306261911004326/1-s2.0-S0306261911004326-main.pdf?_tid=133d350e-c636-11e6-ae64-00000aacb35dacdnat=1482184803_c9d2b7c9ed21b898c1d50d549eded1f1 [Accessed: 19th December 2016]

Differences Between Count Dracula and Vlad Tepes

â€Å"Dracula† is a book written by Bram Stoker that was inspired by Vlad Tepes, which causes some confusion about where fact ends and fiction begins. The two undoubtedly share some similarities. For example, they are both in positions of nobility. Before becoming a vampire Dracula was a prince and Vlad was a voivode. They are both also from Transylvania, although â€Å"Dracula† does not take place entirely in Transylvania. Although there are elements of Tepes in the character of Dracula, a great deal of it was embellished for dramatic effect. Dracula and Vlad may have had a few similarities, but they are also very different. In Stoker’s novel Dracula is depicted as blood thirsty. Although Vlad was also blood thirsty, he and Dracula had very different ways of satisfying their thirst. Vlad was just a monarch with a very sadistic streak. He used this power to kill people who had personally offended him. Vlad killed in many ways but his favorite way to kill his victims was to impale them on a wooden stake, which is a very slow and agonizing way to die. Victims sometimes endured this for hours or days. Throughout his reign, Vlad systematically eradicated the old boyar class of Wallachia. Dracula killed and then fed on the blood of his victims. Vlad and Dracula’s motives for killing so many were different. After the death of his wife, Dracula sold his soul to the devil. This transaction turn Dracula into a vampire that survives by sucking the blood from his victims and transforming them into vampires. Vlad’s motivation in killing so many was to exact revenge for the death of his father and brother. Perhaps this difference causes the vastly lights that they are seen in. Dracula is a villian, but many Romanians view Vlad as a hero. His reputation in his native country is one of a man who stood up to both foreign and domestic enemies. In Romania he is considered one of their greatest leaders. Dracula had a bevy of superpowers to aid him in his dastardly deeds. Dracula had the power to shape shift. In the novel he shifts into things such as a bat and a wolf. He also possesses superhuman powers like being able to crawl on vertical surfaces and manipulating the weather. The most important characteristic of Dracula is that he is undead. The only way to kill Dracula is to decapitate him and impale him with a wooden stake through the heart. Vlad on the other hand, had no superpowers and was for the most part a normal person. Vlad and Dracula are both remembered for the same reason: their atrocious murders. They were both prolific killers. Despite their many differences, they will probably always be associated.

Analysis of Robert Frosts Poem, Departmental Essay

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Harvey Norman Analysise - 896 Words

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Mahatma Gandhi The Hero Of The Indian Independence Struggle

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Someone who has done a good deed for someone else is hero. The biggest heroes are the ones in well-known books and plays, such as Odysseus from The Odyssey, or have made a huge difference in the history of this world, like Mahatma Gandhi. Siddhartha GautamaRead MoreWho Is The Leader Of The Indian National Congress?1507 Words   |  7 Pages At first glance, these two historical figures could not seem more distant. Mohandas Gandhi campaigned a universal and tolerant version of religion and upheld these beliefs through his political movement. In contrast, Osama bin Laden has been credited for creating an antagonistic and combative interpretation of traditional Islam that led to some of the most gruesome acts of terror observed in the twenty first century. Although both of their ideals stand on opposite ends of the spectrum, they

Astronomy in the Medieval Islamic World Free Essays

The religious practice of Islam is oriented in a fixed time and space. The faithful will pray in the direction of the Ka’ba five times a day, but how did astronomy take part in determining this? The Islamic calendar says that the day begins at sunset and the five prayers start from that time. Adjusting times for prayer grew out of observing the heavens, a practice known since the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. We will write a custom essay sample on Astronomy in the Medieval Islamic World or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Arabs, for centuries, studied the sky and examined the groups of stars and phases of the moon on their long desert travels. This education of space was adapted and developed to conform to the practice of Islam. During the medieval period of the Islamic world, the science of astrology as a branch from astronomy was translated by the Greeks into Arabic, along with Sasanian, Indian and ancient Egyptian influences, allowing more scientific and mathematical development by mathematicians and scientists of the Arab world. The subject came to be a very popular one, as it was taken interest in by scholars such as Abu Ma’shar al-Balkhi, al-Biruni, and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. There is evidence of this topic being widespread throughout the Islamic world, such as manuscripts and astrological records found in al-Fustat in Egypt. Since there has proven to be much scientific evidence and involvement in the study of the stars and planets, how did this outbreak of information in the Islamic world affect Islamic Art? And why was it so significant? There is much architecture, objects and textiles from the Islamic World that express the significance of this topic, such as Qasr al-Amra in Jordan, built by Umayyad caliph Walid II in the early 8th century, which features a frescoed caldarium ceiling depicting the twelve Zodiac constellations. The exterior of the construction is very minimal; the only ornamentation being small domes and triple arches. Otherwise, the ornamentation becomes servant to the architecture. The techniques that were contributed into constructing Qasr al-Amra references the Roman and Byzantine techniques: predominately limestone and terracotta brick, along with other types of stones. The frescoed ceilings in the caldarium, or the hot plunge bath, is said to be the earliest depiction of the stars painted on a domed surface. It features 35 recognizable constellations along with, as mentioned previously, twelve zodiacs. There has been reported to be one mistake: the order of the stars in the counterclockwise direction, which tells that it is possible that the fresco was copied from a flat surface. This fresco, however, is not the only one in Qasr al-Amra: there were many brilliant murals in several of the other chambers that suggest that the caliphs of this â€Å"pleasure palace† lived a luxurious lifestyle. This luxury tells of an involvement in. The use of imagery in relation to astrology began in the twelfth century, and eventually taken in for its visual decorative quality, by the Ghaznavids and the Seljuqs among others, and they adopted it with their own meanings and influences. The bowl (figure 1) from central or northern Iran in the late 12th century depicts figures very close to those of the Kashan. The bright hues lend it a quality similar to Persian miniatures. There is Kufic inscriptions around the rim of the bowl as well as naskh script on the secondary intermediary space but the focal point is the sun-shaped face in the center, with a classical depiction of the planets surrounding it. How to cite Astronomy in the Medieval Islamic World, Papers

Cloud Computing for Internet Services- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCloud Computing for Internet Services and Applications. Answer: The various risks that are evident due to the migration of the database, IaaS infrastructure and the communication of the company are discussed in this portion. Risks in database: The various cloud related risks that are evident due to the migration of the database is discussed in this portion. In case of cloud feature installations, the various applications installed in the system will need to be installed in the cloud architecture. In some cases, these applications may show license problems. In cases like this, the business operations will be affected due to the license risks. In addition, as the cloud features are being provided by the cloud vendors, the organization needs to comply with their requirements (Garrison, Kim Wakefield, 2012). Any changes to the system are to be done after contacting with these vendors. This reduces the transparency of the system with respect to the organization involved. Risks in IaaS infrastructure: The main risks to the IaaS infrastructures due to the migration of the database are discussed in this section. The main risks are the misconfiguration, shadow-IT and vulnerabilities. The first risk to be discussed is the misconfiguration in the infrastructure. The presence of existing problems in the system is to be referenced to fight these vulnerabilities. For addressing such requirements, the scanning of the whole system is to be referenced. This includes the scan of the whole system by using the IaaS APIs. These are used to scan the whole database. These data are used to compare with the existing templates of the API scanning (Garrison, Kim Wakefield, 2012). These templates are complied with the universal standards. The data are then to be applied for addressing the risks in the infrastructure. In addition, the presence of monitoring features to scan the status of the system is also to be done for detecting any errors present in the system. Vulnerability is another risk that is present in the infrastructure. This is to be addressed by not only the vendors of the cloud solutions but also the organization. The main process to be involved is the installation of applications for automated scanning procedures and workload security management. The last risk in the infrastructure is the presence of shadow-IT features (Jadeja Modi, 2012). This mainly consists of ghost servers, dormant storages and orphan storage. The ghost server generally means the presence of servers which can still perform efficiently. However, these servers are unused for a long time. Similarly, the orphan servers are the presence of those servers that are also not used for a long time and are not in good conditions with respect to operations. Moreover, when servers are replaced by the new ones, they remain in the infrastructures. These are the dormant resources. All these poses great risks to the organizations as these storages still consist of data. These can be used to get access to these data unethically. Risks in communication between the organization and database: The main risks in the communications among the organization and the cloud vendor are the concerns in privacy and availability of data. As the organization needs to update the vendor regarding any organizational changes, the vendor will have access to all the data of the organization. This raises a security and privacy concern as the organization concerned may not have ease of mind in doing businesses (Hashizume et al., 2013). This also provides an ethical risks if the cloud vendor unethically analyses their data. The presence of internet access is a requirement in cloud architecture. As the information to be updated in the cloud infrastructure can only be done by the presence of internet, the risks due to such requirements is great. In case an organization is facing threats in the system, they need to close the cloud application to mitigate the threats. In case of internet absence, the organization will not be able to access the system which will lead to grave impacts in the system. This section is concerned with the application of the access protection features in different parameters of the cloud solutions. IaaS infrastructure: The access to the IaaS infrastructure can only be provided by utilizing the four different parameters. These include the internet access, physical access, APIs and web console. The physical access is provided by the cloud vendors. The organization needs to review the security features and protocols followed by the cloud vendors. Any problems in their security can lead to the business failure as well (Jadeja Modi, 2012). Internet access can be secured by the application of various cloud related solutions. These include the applications of tighter security measures. The most commercially available solutions are the one provided by Cloud Sigma. The main aim of these solutions is the implementation of firewall setups that could be used for neglecting access by third-parties. In case of the APIs and web-console, tighter security can be applied by the adoption of security protocols. Ms SQL Server 2012 R2 cloud instance: The presence of user privileged access to the instance of the server is to be emphasized for the IaaS cloud consumers corporate network. This can be done by the application of access protocols like SSHv2 or TLS/SSL. The main emphasis of these uses will be based on the use of multi-factor authentication. In addition, the use of public key certificate is also to be emphasized for addressing these requirements. Cloud infrastructure: The access to the cloud infrastructure by using the browser is to be minimized. The main reason is that they are prone to injection attacks. In addition, the presence of security tools is also needed in the VMs to reduce the possibilities of back door intrusion and information leak (Jadeja Modi, 2012). Furthermore, the antivirus programs must also be used for removing the malwares from the system. Cloud backup and restore: The organization needs to review the security features and protocols followed by the cloud vendors. Any problems in their security can lead to the business failure as well. This requires the need for encrypting the data to be backed up (Khan et al., 2013). In such cases the data will not be easily accessed. Furthermore, the presence of offline storage of the decrypting key is also required. References: Garrison, G., Kim, S., Wakefield, R. L. (2012). Success factors for deploying cloud computing.Communications of the ACM,55(9), 62-68. Hashizume, K., Rosado, D. G., Fernndez-Medina, E., Fernandez, E. B. (2013). An analysis of security issues for cloud computing.Journal of Internet Services and Applications,4(1), 5. Jadeja, Y., Modi, K. (2012, March). Cloud computing-concepts, architecture and challenges. InComputing, Electronics and Electrical Technologies (ICCEET), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 877-880). IEEE. Jula, A., Sundararajan, E., Othman, Z. (2014). Cloud computing service composition: A systematic literature review.Expert Systems with Applications,41(8), 3809-3824. Kavis, M. J. (2014).Architecting the cloud: design decisions for cloud computing service models (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS). John Wiley Sons. Khan, A. N., Kiah, M. M., Khan, S. U., Madani, S. A. (2013). Towards secure mobile cloud computing: A survey.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(5), 1278-1299. Kumar, S., Goudar, R. H. (2012). Cloud Computing-Research Issues, Challenges, Architecture, Platforms and Applications: A Survey.International Journal of Future Computer and Communication,1(4), 356. Li, J., Qiu, M., Ming, Z., Quan, G., Qin, X., Gu, Z. (2012). Online optimization for scheduling preemptable tasks on IaaS cloud systems.Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing,72(5), 666-677.